Dismissals
There are eleven ways in which
a batsman can be dismissed; five relatively common and six extremely rare. The
common forms of dismissal are "bowled", "caught", "leg
before wicket" (lbw), "run out", and "stumped". Less
common methods are "hit wicket", "hit the ball twice",
"obstructed the field", "handled the ball" and "timed
out" – these are almost unknown in the professional game. The
eleventh - retired out - is not treated as an on-field dismissal
but rather a retrospective one for which no fielder is credited.
If the dismissal is obvious
(for example when "bowled" and in most cases of "caught")
the batsman will voluntarily leave the field without the umpire needing to
dismiss them. Otherwise before the umpire will award a dismissal and declare
the batsman to be out, a member of the fielding side (generally the bowler)
must "appeal". This is invariably done by asking (or shouting)
"how's that?" – normally reduced to howzat? If the umpire agrees with the appeal,
he will raise a forefinger and say "Out!". Otherwise he will shake
his head and say "Not out". Appeals are particularly loud when the
circumstances of the claimed dismissal are unclear, as is always the case with
lbw and often with run outs and stumpings.
1.
Bowled: the bowler has hit the wicket
with the delivery and the wicket has "broken" with at least one bail
being dislodged (note that if the ball hits the wicket without dislodging a
bail it is not out).
2.
Caught: the batsman has hit the ball
with his bat, or with his hand which was holding the bat, and the ball has been
caught before it has touched the ground by a member of the fielding side.
3.
Leg before wicket (lbw): the
ball has hit the batsman's body (including his clothing, pads etc. but not the
bat, or a hand holding the bat) when it would have gone on to hit the stumps.
This rule exists mainly to prevent the batsman from guarding his wicket with
his legs instead of the bat. To be given out lbw, the ball must not bounce
outside leg stump or strike the batsmen outside the line of leg-stump. It may
bounce outside off-stump. The batsman may only be dismissed lbw by a ball
striking him outside the line of off-stump if he has not made a genuine attempt
to play the ball with his bat.
4.
Run out: a member of the fielding side
has broken or "put down" the wicket with the ball while the nearest
batsman was out of his ground; this usually occurs by means of an accurate
throw to the wicket while the batsmen are attempting a run, although a batsman
can be given out Run out even when he is not attempting a run; he merely needs
to be out of his ground.
5.
Stumped is
similar except that it is done by the wicketkeeper after the batsman has missed
the bowled ball and has stepped out of his ground, and is not attempting a run.
6.
Hit wicket: a batsman is out hit wicket
if he dislodges one or both bails with his bat, person, clothing or equipment
in the act of receiving a ball, or in setting off for a run having just
received a ball.
7.
Hit the ball twice is very unusual and was introduced as a
safety measure to counter dangerous play and protect the fielders. The batsman
may legally play the ball a second time only to stop the ball hitting the
wicket after he has already played it. "Hit" does not necessarily
refer to the batsman's bat.
8.
Obstructing the field: another unusual dismissal
which tends to involve a batsman deliberately getting in the way (physically
and/or verbally) of a fielder.
9.
Handled the ball: a batsman must not deliberately touch the ball with his hand, for
example to protect his wicket. Note that the batsman's hand or glove counts as
part of the bat while the hand is holding the bat, so batsmen are frequently caught off their
gloves (i.e. the ball hits, and is deflected by, the glove and can then be
caught).
10.
Timed out usually
means that the next batsman was not ready to receive a delivery within three
minutes of the previous one being dismissed.
In the vast majority of cases,
it is the striker who is out when a dismissal occurs. If the non-striker is
dismissed it is usually by being run out, but he could also be dismissed for
obstructing the field, handling the ball or being timed out.
A batsman may leave the field
without being dismissed. If injured or taken ill the batsman may temporarily
retire, and be replaced by the next batsman. This is recorded as retired hurt or retired ill. The
retiring batsman is not out, and may resume the innings later. An unimpaired
batsman may retire, and this is treated as being dismissed retired out; no player is credited
with the dismissal. Batsmen cannot be out bowled, caught, leg before wicket, stumped or hit
wicket off a no ball. They cannot be out bowled, caught, leg before wicket, or hit the ball twice off a wide. Some of these modes of
dismissal can occur without the bowler bowling a delivery. The batsman who is
not on strike may be run out by the bowler if he leaves his crease before the bowler bowls, and a
batsman can be out obstructing
the field or retired out at any time. Timed out is, by its nature, a dismissal without
a delivery. With all other modes of dismissal, only one batsman can be
dismissed per ball bowled.
Innings closed
An innings is closed when:
1.
Ten of the eleven batsmen are out (have been dismissed); in this
case, the team is said to be "all out"
2.
The team has only one batsman left who can bat, one or more of
the remaining players being unavailable owing to injury, illness or absence;
again, the team is said to be "all out"
3.
The team batting last reaches the score required to win the
match
4.
The predetermined number of overs has been bowled (in a one-day
match only, commonly 50 overs; or 20 in Twenty20)
5.
A captain declares his team's innings closed while at least two of his
batsmen are not out (this does not apply in one-day limited over matches)
Results
If the team that bats last is
all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, the team is said to have
"lost by n runs" (where n is the difference between the number
of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to
win, it is said to have "won by n wickets", where n is the number of wickets left to fall.
For instance a team that passes its opponents' score having only lost six
wickets would have won "by four wickets".
In a two-innings-a-side match,
one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other
side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to
have won by an innings and n runs,
and does not need to bat again: n is the difference between the two
teams' aggregate scores.
If the team batting last is all
out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a tie; this result
is quite rare in matches of two innings a side. In the traditional form of the
game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win,
then the game is declared a draw.
If the match has only a single
innings per side, then a maximum number of deliveries for each innings is often
imposed. Such a match is called a "limited overs" or
"one-day" match, and the side scoring more runs wins regardless of
the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur. If this kind of match
is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula,
known as the Duckworth-Lewis method after its developers, is often used to recalculate a new
target score. A one-day match can also be declared a "no-result" if
fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team,
in circumstances that make normal resumption of play impossible; for example,
wet weather.
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