Cricket is a bat and ball game,
played between two teams of eleven players each. One team bats, attempting to score
runs, while the other bowls and fields the ball, attempting to restrict the
scoring and dismiss the batsmen. The objective of the game is for a team to
score more runs than its opponent. In some forms of cricket, it may also be
necessary to dismiss the opposition in order to win the match, which would
otherwise be drawn.
There are separate leagues for Women's cricket,
though informal matches may have mixed teams.
Format of the game
A cricket match is divided into
periods called innings (which ends with "s" in both
singular and plural form). It is decided before the match whether the teams
will have one innings or two innings each. During an innings one team fields and the other bats. The two teams switch
between fielding and batting after each innings. All eleven members of the
fielding team take the field, but only two members of the batting team (two batsmen) are on
the field at any given time. The order of batsmen is usually announced just
before the match, but it can be varied.
A coin toss is held by the team captains (who are also players) just before the
match starts: the winner decides whether to bat or field first.
The cricket field is usually oval in shape, with a
rectangular pitch at the center. The edge of the playing
field is marked with a boundary,
which could be a fence, part of the stands, a rope or a painted line.
At each end of the pitch is a
wooden target called a wicket,
placed 22 yards apart. The pitch is marked with painted lines: a bowling crease in line with the wicket, and a batting
orpopping crease four feet
in front of it. The wicket is made of three vertical stumps supporting two small horizontal bails. A wicket is put down if at least one bail is dislodged, or
one stump is knocked down (usually by the ball, but also if the batsman does it
with his body, clothing or equipment). This is also described as breaking, knocking down, or hitting the wicket – though if the ball
hits the wicket but does not dislodge a bail or stump then it is not down.
At any instant each batsman owns a particular wicket (usually the one
closer to him) and, except when actually batting, is safe when he is in his ground. This means that
at least one part of his body or bat is touching the ground behind the popping crease. If his wicket is put down while the ball is live and he is out of his ground then he is dismissed, but the other
batsman is safe.
A ball being bowled. From back to front -- umpire (with
hat), wicket, non-striking batsman (yellow), bowler (blue), ball, pitch,
crease, striking batsman (yellow), wicket, wicket keeper (blue,crouching) and
fielder (blue, slip position)
The two batsmen take positions
at opposite ends of the pitch. One designated member of the fielding team,
called the bowler, bowls the ball from one end of the pitch to
thestriking batsman at the
other end. The batsman at the bowling end is called the non-striker, and stands to the
side of his wicket, behind his crease. The batsman are allowed to step forward
of their creases, though at some risk. Another member of the fielding team, the wicket keeper, is positioned
behind the striker's wicket.
The fielding team's other nine
members stand outside the pitch, spread out across the field. The fielding
captain often strategically changes their position between balls.
There is always an umpire at each end of the pitch.
The bowler usually retreats a
few yards (metres) behind the wicket, runs towards it (his run-up), and then releases the
ball over-hand as he reaches the bowling
crease. (If he crosses the crease before he releases the ball, or if he
flexes his elbow too much in a throw,
then it is a no ball, and
the batting team gets a penalty or extra run. If the ball passes the far wicket
out of reach of the batsman then it is called a wide, also with an extra run.) The ball can be bowled so that
it bounces on the pitch, lands exactly on the crease (ayorker), or
crosses the crease without bouncing (a full
toss).
The batsman tries to prevent
the ball from hitting the wicket by striking the ball with his bat. (This
includes the handle of the bat, and his gloves.) If the bowler succeeds in
putting down the wicket the batsman is dismissed and is said to be bowled out. If the batsman
misses the ball, but any part of his body prevents it from reaching the wicket,
then he is out leg before
wicket, or "LBW".
If the batsman hits the ball
but it is caught by a fielder without bouncing then he is caught out. If it is caught by the bowler
then he is caught and bowled;
by the wicket keeper,caught behind.
If the batsman is successful in
striking the ball and it is not caught without bouncing, then the two batsmen
may try to score points (runs) for their team. Both batsmen run the
length of the pitch, exchanging positions, and grounding their bats behind the
opposite crease. Each crossing and grounding by both batsmen is worth one run.
The batsmen may attempt one run, multiple runs, or elect not to run at all. By
attempting runs, the batsmen risk dismissal. This happens if the fielding team
retrieves the ball and hits either wicket with the ball (either by throwing it,
or while holding it) before the batsman who owns that wicket reaches his ground behind the crease. The dismissed
batsman is run out.
Batsmen will sometimes start to run, change their mind, and return to their
original positions.
If the batsman hits the ball
over the field boundary without the ball touching the field, the batting team
scores six runs. If the ball touches the ground and then reaches the boundary,
the batting team scores four runs. The batsmen might start running before the
ball reaches the boundary, but those runs don't count.
If the batsman misses the ball
they can still attempt extra runs : these are called byes. If the ball bounces off
his body then it is called a leg
bye.
If the striking batsman leaves
his ground and misses the ball, then the wicket keeper can catch it and put
down the wicket -- stumped.
In case of a no ball or a wide the batsman can choose to strike the
ball, earning runs in addition to the fixed penalty. If he does so he can only
be dismissed by being run out.
When the batsmen have finished
attempting their runs the ball is dead,
and is returned to the bowler to be bowled again. The ball becomes live when he starts his run up. The bowler continues to
bowl toward the same wicket, regardless of any switch of the batsmen's
positions.[26]
A batsman may retire from an innings without being
dismissed, usually after reaching a milestone like a hundred runs (a century).
A dismissed batsman leaves the
field, to be replaced by another batsman from the batting team. However, even
though the wicket may have been put down, or the ball caught, the batsman is
not actually dismissed until the fielding team appeal to the umpires for a
decision, traditionally using the expression "How's that" (or
"Howzat"). In some matches, particularly test matches, either team
may request a review by a third
umpire who can use a Decision Review System (DRS), which includes TV replays and
other electronic equipment such as hawk
eye, hotspot and the snickometer.
After a bowler has bowled six
times (an over), another
member of the fielding team is designated as the new bowler, the old bowler
taking up a fielding position. The batsmen stay in place, and the new bowler
bowls to the opposite wicket, so the role of striker and non-striker reverse. The wicket keeper and the two
umpires always change positions, as do many of the fielders, and play
continues. Fielding team members may bowl multiple times during an innings, but
may not bowl two overs in succession.
The innings is complete when 10
of the 11 members of the batting team have been dismissed (all out –
although one always remaining "not out"), when a set number of overs
has been played, or when the batting team declares that they have enough runs.
The number of innings and the
number of overs per innings vary depending on the format of the match. In a
match which is not a limited
overs format the umpires will
usually specify that the last session of the last innings will have a specified
number of overs.
The match always ends when all
innings have been completed. The umpires can also call an end to the match in
case of bad light or weather. But in many cases the match ends immediately when
the first team to bat has played all of its innings, and the last team to bat
has more runs. In four-innings games the last team may not even need to play
its second innings: this team is said to win
by an innings. If this winning team has not completed its last innings, and
still has, for example, five batsmen who are not out or have not even batted,
then they are said to "win by five wickets". If the last team to bat
is losing, is all out, and
has 10 fewer runs than the other team, then the winning team "wins by 10
runs". If the two teams both play all their innings and they have the same
number of runs, then it is a tie.
In four-innings matches there
is also the possibility of a draw:
the team with fewer runs still has batsmen on the field when the game ends.
This has a major effect on strategy: a team will often declare an innings when they have accumulated
enough runs, in the hope that they will have enough time left to dismiss the
other team and thus avoid a draw, but risking a loss if the other team scores
enough runs.
Playing surface
A
typical cricket field.
Cricket is played on a grassy field. The Laws
of Cricket do not specify the size or shape of the field, but it is often oval. In the centre of
the field is a rectangular strip, known as the pitch.
The pitch is a flat surface 10
feet (3.0 m) wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as the
game progresses. At either end of
the pitch, 22 yards (20 m) apart, are placed wooden targets, known as the wickets. These
serve as a target for the bowling(also known as the fielding) side and are defended by the batting side, which seeks to accumulate runs.
Stumps, bails and creases
A wicket consists of three stumps that are hammered into the ground, and topped with two bails.
Each wicket on the pitch
consists of three wooden stumps placed vertically, in line with one another. They are
surmounted by two wooden crosspieces called bails; the total height of the wicket including bails is 28.5
inches (720 mm) and the combined width of the three stumps, including
small gaps between them is 9 inches (230 mm).
Four lines, known as creases, are
painted onto the pitch around the wicket areas to define the batsman's
"safe territory" and to determine the limit of the bowler's approach.
These are called the "popping" (or batting) crease, the bowling
crease and two "return" creases.
The stumps are placed in line
on the bowling creases and so these creases must be 22 yards (20 m) apart.
A bowling crease is 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) long, with the
middle stump placed dead centre. The popping crease has the same length, is
parallel to the bowling crease and is 4 feet (1.2 m) in front of the
wicket. The return creases are perpendicular to the other two; they are
adjoined to the ends of the popping crease and are drawn through the ends of
the bowling crease to a length of at least 8 feet (2.4 m).
When bowling the ball, the
bowler's back foot in his "delivery stride" must land within the two
return creases while at least some part of his front foot must land on or
behind the popping crease. If the bowler breaks this rule, the umpire calls
"No
ball".
The importance of the popping
crease to the batsman is that it marks the limit of his safe territory. He can
be dismissed stumped or run
out (see Dismissals below) if the wicket is broken while he
is "out of his ground".
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